This region stretches south from the edges of the Hill Country and San Antonio through brush and mesquite plains, dotted with deep bluewater lakes, into the subtropical environment of the lower Rio Grande.

In the dense brush of the mustang plains, Mexican vaqueros developed the tools and skills for herding wild Texas longhorns, giving birth to the cattle industry and that greatest of American heroes – the cowboy. Historic sites such as Casa Navarro in San Antonio, the restored mission at Goliad and Fannin Battleground recall early Spanish and Mexican culture and Texas' struggle for independence. Choke Canyon and Falcon offer wonderful water recreation to winter vacationers and Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley is a subtropical gem replete with birds and other animal life found nowhere else in the U.S.

The South Texas Brush Country is characterized by plains of thorny shrubs and trees and scattered patches of palms and subtropical woodlands in the Rio Grande Valley. The plains were once covered with open grasslands and a scattering of trees, and the valley woodlands were once more extensive. Today, the primary vegetation consists of thorny brush such as mesquite, acacia, and prickly pear mixed with areas of grassland. The average annual rainfall of 20 to 32 inches increases from west to east.

Sand sheet wetlands are small isolated depressions. They are found in places where wind exposes clay soils that trap and hold rainwater. These depressions often provide the only fresh water for wildlife in a normally dry environment.

Resacas are former channels of the Rio Grande River that have been cut off from the river and filled with silt and water creating marshes and ponds.

Because most sand sheet wetlands and resacas are ephemeral (short-lived), the plants and wildlife using them vary seasonally depending on the quantity and quality of the available water.

Although many land changes have occurred in this region, the Brush Country remains rich in wildlife and a haven for many rare species of plants and animals. It is home for semi-tropical species that occur in Mexico, grassland species that range northward, and desert species commonly found in the Trans-Pecos.

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Water Supply and Demand

Supply

Major Rivers: Guadalupe, San Antonio, Nueces, Lavaca, Rio Grande
Major Aquifer: Edwards, Trinity, Carrizo-Wilcox, Gulf Coast

Use & Demand

San Antonio/Northern area:

• 76% demand met through groundwater, 50% demand is for irrigation, 33% municipal.
• By 2050, the population of the area is expected to more than double. The demand for water is expected to change to 47% for municipal and 30% for irrigation.
• Water management plans require that less water is to pumped from Edwards Aquifer, and the need to rely more heavily on surface water in the future.

Lower Rio Grande Valley:

• 98% demand met through surface water,87% used for irrigation, 12% municipal.
• By 2050, population is expected to grow 175%. Demand expected to change to 69% irrigation and 30% municipal.
• Surface water rights are appropriated in the valley. (Source: Texas Center for Policy Studies. Texas Environmental Almanac (Austin: U.T. Press, 2002), 27-29.)

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Major Cities - Rainfall / Elevation

Regional Average Rainfall: 20-32 inches per year
Regional Average Net Evaporation rate: 16-28 inches
The average annual rainfall of 20 to 32 inches increases from west to east. Average monthly rainfall is lowest during winter, and highest during spring (May or June) and fall (September). Summer temperatures are high, with very high evaporation rates. Data source: National Climate Datat Center, U.S. Dept of Commerce.